SOPKOUTIE KENGNI NERLUS GAUTIERabc*, DJEUGAP FOVO JOSEPHa, ABUKARI WUMBEId, NGULEFACK ERNEST FORGHABc, TABI NTOH GAETANab, NYA EDOUARDe, SPANOGHE PIETERf & GALANI YAMDEU JOSEPH HUBERTg
a Plant pathology and agricultural zoology research unit, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, PO Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.
b THE CURE, Scientific Research Assistance (SRA), Africa Service Company (ASC), Foto, Dschang, West–Cameroon.
c Green Landscape Association GrEEN, Molyko, Buea, South-West, Cameroon.
d Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University for Development Studies, Ghana, P. O. Box TL 1350, Tamale, Ghana.
e Laboratoire National d’Analyse et de Diagnostic des Produits et Intrants Végétaux (LNAD), Messa Yaoundé, Cameroun.
f Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
g Section of Natural and Applied Sciences, School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, CT1 1QU, UK.
* Corresponding Author: snerlusgautier@yahoo.com, gautier.sopkoutie@univ-dschang.org
Received: 07 March 2025, Reviewed: 09 April 2025, Revised: 11 April 2025, Accepted: 21 April 2025, Published: 03 July 2025
https://doi.org/10.63342/cjbbs2025.33.011.eng
Abstract
Pesticide exposure poses a significant threat to public health in Cameroon, a country reliant heavily on vegetable production. This study aimed to assess the usage, knowledge, and handling practices of pesticides among vegetable farmers. We surveyed 345 farmers across six regions and eight divisions using interviews and on-farm observations from 2021 to 2022. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and logistic regression. Farmers applied 43 active ingredients—46.5% insecticides, 41.8% fungicides, and 11.6% herbicides—many of which threaten health, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Of these, 6.9%, such as abamectin and methomyl, are classified as highly hazardous (WHO Ib), while others, including glyphosate, 2,4-D, and chlorothalonil, are probable or possible carcinogens (IARC, 2021). Misuse was prevalent: 80.4% mixed pesticides, 49.2% disregarded recommended dosages, and applications occurred twice weekly on average. Lack of support was evident, with 67.6% of farmers receiving no assistance, 65.3% lacking training, and 42.3% depending on neighbors for advice; additionally, 64.1% stored pesticides at home. MCA revealed that misuse correlated with farming experience, information sources, education level, land tenure, and inadequate support. Strikingly, 88.6% reported post-handling symptoms (e.g., fatigue, dizziness), with risk factors including limited PPE use, higher age, frequent applications, and less experience. Women showed greater vulnerability (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.39–7.80, P <0.05), whereas PPE use reduced risks (OR = 5.86, 95% CI: 2.62–13.09, P <0.05), and lack of assistance exacerbated outcomes (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.12–0.65, P <0.05). Significant knowledge gaps in compliance, health risks, and environmental impacts were evident (P < 0.01). These findings highlight a public health crisis driven by pervasive misuse in vegetable cultivation. We recommend urgent training and support for farmers, alongside residue analysis in Cameroon’s vegetables to quantify contamination levels and health risks, biomonitoring to assess exposure, and African Union-aligned bans on WHO Ib pesticides to protect communities.
Keywords: Pesticides, Vegetables, Farmers, Cameroon, Knowledge, Health.
Résumé
L’exposition aux pesticides constitue une menace significative pour la santé publique au Cameroun, un pays fortement dépendant de la production maraîchère. Cette étude visait à évaluer l’utilisation, les connaissances et les pratiques de manipulation des pesticides parmi les maraîchers. Nous avons interrogé 345 agriculteurs répartis dans six régions et huit départements à l’aide d’entretiens et d’observations sur le terrain entre 2021 et 2022. Les données ont été analysées avec des statistiques descriptives et inférentielles, incluant une analyse des correspondances multiples (ACM) et une régression logistique. Les agriculteurs utilisaient 43 substances actives – 46,5 % d’insecticides, 41,8 % de fongicides et 11,6 % d’herbicides – dont beaucoup menacent la santé, les écosystèmes et la biodiversité. Parmi celles-ci, 6,9 %, comme l’abamectine et le méthomyl, sont classées comme hautement dangereuses (OMS Ib), tandis que d’autres, dont le glyphosate, le 2,4-D et le chlorothalonil, sont des cancérogènes probables ou possibles (CIRC, 2021). Les mauvaises pratiques étaient répandues : 80,4 % mélangeaient des pesticides, 49,2 % ignoraient les dosages recommandés, et les applications avaient lieu en moyenne deux fois par semaine. Un manque de soutien était évident : 67,6 % des agriculteurs ne recevaient aucune assistance, 65,3 % n’avaient aucune formation, 42,3 % dépendaient des conseils de voisins, et 64,1 % stockaient les pesticides à domicile. L’ACM a révélé que les mauvaises pratiques étaient corrélées à l’expérience agricole, aux sources d’information, au niveau d’éducation, au régime foncier et au manque de soutien. De manière frappante, 88,6 % ont signalé des symptômes après manipulation (fatigue, vertiges), avec des facteurs de risque incluant une utilisation limitée des équipements de protection individuelle (EPI), un âge avancé, des applications fréquentes et une moindre expérience. Les femmes étaient plus vulnérables (OR = 1,09 ; IC 95 % : 0,39–7,80 ; p < 0,05), tandis que l’utilisation d’EPI réduisait les risques (OR = 5,86 ; IC 95 % : 2,62–13,09 ; p < 0,05), et le manque d’assistance aggravait les conséquences (OR = 0,28 ; IC 95 % : 0,12–0,65 ; p < 0,05). Des lacunes importantes ont été identifiées concernant la conformité aux normes, les risques sanitaires et les impacts environnementaux (p < 0,01). Ces résultats mettent en lumière une crise de santé publique liée à l’usage inapproprié des pesticides dans la culture maraîchère. Nous recommandons une formation et un soutien urgents pour les agriculteurs, des analyses de résidus dans les légumes camerounais pour quantifier la contamination et les risques sanitaires, un biomonitoring pour évaluer l’exposition, et une interdiction des pesticides de classe OMS Ib, conformément aux directives de l’Union africaine, pour protéger les populations.
Mots-clés : Pesticides, Légumes, Agriculteurs, Cameroun, Connaissances, Santé.
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